In this post i am giving the video clip representing and explaining about the waves which is already given in the previous post in visualizing mode clearly with examples also...
This video also gives the explanation regarding the super positions,wave natures,wave comparisons with the light and its formulas  and its equations.
      see the video completely for the complete information about the waves.

In this post we are going to deal about waves.there are two types of waves they are transverse waves and longitudinal waves.In the transverse waves there are sub divisions  like magnetic waves,electro magnetic waves,and even sub divisions are periodic waves and stationary waves.
we can study the wave divisions on the basis of method of propogation of waves in the way of crests and troughs or by compressions and rare fractions.here is the distinguishing pic of those two types of propogation of waves..

there is a flow chart of the complete study of waves by which we can understand clearly about the waves.                                                                                                                

in the further posts i will give detailed information about the types and more...keep going with our blog of science...................

There is another type of force in the physics we know that is electro motive force,also called emf (denoted and measured in volt), is the voltage developed by any source of electrical energy such as a battery or dynamo. It is generally defined as the electrical potential for a source in a circuit.
.A device that supplies electrical energy is called a seat of electromotive force or emf. Emfs convert chemical, mechanical, and other forms of energy into electrical energy. The product of such a device is also known as emf.

In electromagnetic induction, emf can be defined around a closed loop as the electromagnetic work  that would be done on a charge if it travels once around that loop. (While the charge travels around the loop, it can simultaneously lose the energy gained via resistance into thermal energy.) For a time-varying magnetic flux linking a loop, the electric potential scalar field is not defined due to circulating electric vector field, but nevertheless an emf does work that can be measured as a virtual electric potential around that loop.

                                                 detailed explanation of gas laws.........

I already mentioned that there is another type of pressure called gaseous pressure which is studied in the special branch in chemistry which has been developed from 18th century onwardscalled gaseous states,. which completely deals on the pressure , temperature, volume,and number of atoms in the gaseous mixtures or one single type of gas,.there are number of laws and theories in this branch like boyles law,charles law ,avagadros law,gaylussac law,grahams law,daltons law,ideal gas equations,. 
boyles law:pressure(p) is inversely proportional to volume(v) at a fixed temparature(T). 
charles law: volume(v) is directly proportional to temperature(T) at a fixed pressure(p).
gaylussacs law: pressure(p) is directly proportional to temperature(T) at constant volume(v).
avagadros law: volume(v) occupied by ideal gas is proportional to number of molecules of the gas in that container(n).
grahams law: rate of diffusion of a gas is inversly proportional to square root of density(d).
daltons law: the pressure of the total gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of pressures of individual components of the gases in the mixture.and this law is also called as the daltons law of partial pressures.
henrys law:At constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid.
ideal gas equation: the combinations of all the above gas laws gives the ideal gas equation whic is PV=nRT.
and even some more information can be gathered in further posts.keep going with our favorite bloggers of science.......(supersscience.blogspot.com)........

In this session we are going to deal about the other type of pressure which we generally know which is called as the atmospheric pressure .
in general the earths atmosphere is extended upto 200km from the surface of the earth.the pressure exerted by the atmosphere is perpendicular to any of the bodies on the earth is called pressure due to the atmosphere or atmospheric pressure .
do you know that the pressure on the Venus is more ans more that if a human reaches the surface of the Venus   that human may severely  affects with the pressure that he may die with the explosion of the blood from his body.
even on the surface of earth this pressure varies according to the altitudes and from the heights which we are considering to...

even this is the initiation to the further studies of gaseous states and gas laws.which we will discuss in the further posts.
there are so many instruments which are used to measure this atmospheric pressure like barometer,manometer,mercury barometer,aneroid barometer,fortin barometer,like wise....
applications of the atmospheric pressure are....

 in the way the topic atmospheric pressure continues to the further studies of gases and its pressures as gaseous state.
for more intresting topics keep on going with our blog supersscience.blogspot.com...

In this session we are going to deal on the further topics of fluid pressure...
By observing all the propeties of pressure in liquids pascle proposed the law to say the directions of pressure applying in the liquid and its molecules .the below video states the law produced by him and its applications....

even there are so many laws related to the fluid pressure like bernoullis law etc
even more types of pressures are known now a days some of them are stagnation pressure,
surface pressure,buoyant pressure,kinematic pressure,dynamic pressure and static pressures.and there is an other topic which is a special type comes under the gaseous pressure which is another special topic dealed in further posts...

In this blog we are going to have the brief glance on the Fluid pressure.which combine the liquid and gaseous pressures.in this blog lets have liquid pressure.

Fluid pressure is the pressure at some point within a fluid such as water or air. Fluid pressure occurs in one of two situations:

1. an open condition, called "open channel flow", e.g. the ocean, a swimming pool, or the atmosphere.
2. a closed condition, called "closed conduit", e.g. a water line or gas line.

Pressure in open conditions usually can be approximated as the pressure in "static" or non-moving conditions (even in the ocean where there are waves and currents), because the motions create only negligible changes in the pressure. Such conditions conform with principles of fluid statics. The pressure at any given point of a non-moving (static) fluid is called the hydrostatic pressure

              

Closed bodies of fluid are either "static", when the fluid is not moving, or "dynamic", when the fluid can move as in either a pipe or by compressing an air gap in a closed container. The pressure in closed conditions conforms with the principles of fluid dynamics
The concepts of fluid pressure are predominantly attributed to the discoveries of blaise pascle and daniel bernoulli.bernoullie equation can be used in almost any situation to determine the pressure at any point in a fluid. The equation makes some assumptions about the fluid, such as the fluid being ideal and incompressible.An ideal fluid is a fluid in which there is no friction, it is inviscid,zero viscosity. The equation for all points of a system filled with a constant-density fluid is

where:

p = pressure of the fluid

γ = ρg = density·acceleration of gravity = specific gravity of the fluid^.

v = velocity of the fluid

g = acceleration due to gravity

z = elevation

= pressure head

= velocity head

Applications

• Hydraulic brakes
• Artesian well
• Blood pressure
• Hydraulic head
• Plant cell turgidity
• Pythagorean cup

In this blog we are going to deal on the next topic PRESSURE .
what is pressure?
what are the types of pressures? 
Applications of pressure?
first what is pressure.
It is defined as the trust acting per unit area is called the pressure.
what is trust:when a body is placed on the table its force acts at right angle towards the earth which is called the weight of the body or trust due to that body....

pressure is directly proportional to the trust and inversely proportional to the area the area on which the trust is acting.
there are innumerable laws produced based on the types of pressures.they are fluod pressure,atmospheric pressure,gaseous pressure,and so on which can be explained in the further explanations .
Applications of pressure:
1.camels can walk eaisly in deserts because that they have the broad foot which applies less pressure.
2.by increasing the area of contact we can reduce the pressureon the ground examples like heavy trucks,etc.
3.sliding on the snow with a snow skier snow
 etc are the general examples of the applications of the pressure.
Units used to measure pressure are pascles,newtons per square of meters, bars, etc.
In the further posts we can have the better clarity on the types of pressures and laws in them.............

Here is the brief explanation about the four fundamental forces............

 

In this session we are going to deal on the electro magnetic force which is the attractive force between the charged particles,which shows or contains the electric fields,magnetic fields and light as a part if it. it is also a part of the four fundamental interaction in the universe and the other three of them are 1.strong interaction,2.weak interaction and 3.gravitation. we already discussed about the gravitation in the previous topics and we can have the discussion of the other two interactions in the further posts.
coming to the point the electromagnetic force is the force of attraction and in it we may have the sub topics like electromagnetic waves ,field.and in the electromagnetic waves all the waves which we are studying in the physics are related to the EM-waves in any aspects.examples like light,sound,x-rays,gamma-rays,beta,alpha all every thing comes under this EM-waves.
we already said that an EM-wave consist of the electric and magnetic fields.These two fields align perpendicular to each other.we can separate the two forces into the individual forces by using some techniques which leads to the study of a new chapter called polarization. 

        The study of these forces means the sub parts related to the EM waves and its divisions and laws in it can be simply represented as..

Electromagnetism
Electrostatics Electric charge Static electricity Electric field Conductor Insulator Triboelectricity Electrostatic discharge Induction Coulomb's law Gauss's law Electric flux / potential energy Electric dipole moment Polarization density
Magnetostatics Ampère's law Magnetic field Magnetization Magnetic flux Biot–Savart law Magnetic dipole moment Gauss's law for magnetism
Electrodynamics Lorentz force law Electromagnetic induction Faraday's law Lenz's law Displacement current Maxwell's equations Electromagnetic field Electromagnetic radiation Maxwell tensor Poynting vector Liénard–Wiechert potential Jefimenko's equations Eddy current London equations
Electrical network Electric current Electric potential Voltage Resistance Ohm's law Series circuit Parallel circuit Direct current Alternating current Charged current Neutral current Electromotive force Capacitance Inductance Impedance Resonant cavities Waveguides
Covariant formulation Electromagnetic tensor (stress–energy tensor) Four-current Electromagnetic four-potential
Scientists worked on it Ampère    Coulomb    Faraday    Gauss   Heaviside   Henry    Hertz    Lorentz   Maxwell  Tesla   Volta   Weber    Ørsted

Later on we can discuss about each topics related to this........

In this session we are going to deal with the methods to reduce and increase friction.
what are the methods used to reduce the friction?
                                                        1.using wheels
                                                        2.using ball bearings.
                                                        3.using lubricants(like graphite,oils,and someother as per use)
                                                        4.using stream lining.
                                                        5.using air cushions 
                                                        6.Aucostics
by using  all the above items we can reduce the friction to reduce the wear and tear of the materials using are reduced. and the science of friction and lubrication is called tribology.

Super lubricity, a recently discovered effect, has been observed in graphite. it is the substantial decrease of friction between two sliding objects, approaching zero levels. A very small amount of frictional energy would still be dissipated.and

Acoustic lubrication means the use of sound as lubricant.

And another way to reduce friction is producing vibration between the two surfaces.This can be sinusoidal vibration as used in ultrasound-assisted cutting or vibration noise, known as dither

And what increases the friction means if the usage of the above listed items gives a high friction.

    

Applications

Friction is an important factor in many engineering disciplines.

Transportation

• Automobile brakes inherently rely on friction, slowing a vehicle by converting its kinetic energy into heat. Incidentally, dispersing this large amount of heat safely is one technical challenge in designing brake systems.
• Rail adhesion refers to the grip wheels of a train have on the rails, see Frictional contact mechanics.
• Road slipperiness is an important design and safety factor for automobiles
  • Split friction is a particularly dangerous condition arising due to varying friction on either side of a car.
  • Road texture affects the interaction of tires and the driving surface.
  • in welding metals

Measurement

• A tribometer is an instrument that measures friction on a surface.
• A profilograph is a device used to measure pavement surface roughness.

Household usage

• Friction is used to heat and ignite matchsticks (friction between the head of a matchstick and the rubbing surface of the match box).

• In this session i am going to explain the topics noted in the previous post
  
•  
• Dry friction resists relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact. Dry friction is subdivided into static friction ("stiction") between non-moving surfaces, and kinetic friction between moving surfaces. 
• Fluid friction describes the friction between layers of a viscous fluid that are moving relative to each other. 
• Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a lubricate fluid separates two solid surfaces^. 
• Skin friction is a component of drag the force resisting the motion of a fluid across the surface of a body. 
• Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid material while it undergoes  deformation.
•  
• Friction is not itself a fundemental force Dry friction arises from a combination of inter-surface adhesion, surface roughness, surface deformation, and surface contamination. 
•  
•   The elementary property of sliding (kinetic) friction were discovered by experiment in the 15th to 18th centuries and were expressed as three empirical laws: 
• Amontons first law: The force of friction is directly proportional to the applied load.
• Amontons' Second Law: The force of friction is independent of the apparent area of contact.
• Coulomb's Law of Friction: Kinetic friction is independent of the sliding velocity.
•                   
  
•   Static friction:Static friction is friction between two or more solid objects that are not moving relative to each other. For example, static friction can prevent an object from sliding down a sloped surface. The coefficient of static friction, typically denoted as μ_s, is usually higher than the coefficient of kinetic friction.The maximum value of static friction, when motion is impending, is sometimes referred to as limiting friction, although this term is not used universally. It is also known as traction.
• it can be overcomes through the reverse force applied in the path of the moving object.
•  An example of static friction is the force that prevents a car wheel from slipping as it rolls on the ground. Even though the wheel is in motion, the patch of the tire in contact with the ground is stationary relative to the ground, so it is static rather than kinetic friction.
•  
•  Khinetic friction:Kinetic (or dynamic) friction occurs when two objects are moving relative to each other and rub together (like a sled on the ground). The coefficient of kinetic friction is typically denoted as μ_k, and is usually less than the coefficient of static friction for the same materials. However, richard feynman comments that "with dry metals it is very hard to show any difference." The friction force between two surfaces after sliding begins is the product of the coefficient of kinetic friction and the normal force: .
•  
•  
• Fluid friction: Fluid friction occurs between layers within a fluid that are moving relative to each other. This internal resistance to flow is described as viscosity. In everyday terms viscosity of a fluid is said to have "thickness". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity. The less viscous the fluid, the greater its ease of movement. All real fluids (except super fluids) have some resistance to stress and therefore are viscous, but a fluid which has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal fluids or inviscid fluid.
   lubrication friction: Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a fluid separates two solid surfaces. Lubrication is a technique employed to reduce wear of one or both surfaces in close proximity moving relative to each another by interposing a substance called a lubricant between the surfaces.
   skin friction: Skin friction arises from the friction of the fluid against the "skin" of the object that is moving through it. Skin friction arises from the interaction between the fluid and the skin of the body, and is directly related to the area of the surface of the body that is in contact with the fluid. Skin friction follows the drag equationand rises with the square of the velocity.
  Skin friction is caused by viscous drag in the boundary layers around the object. There are two ways to decrease skin friction: the first is to shape the moving body so that smooth flow is possible, like an airfoil. The second method is to decrease the length and cross-section of the moving object as much as is practicable.
  Internal friction:Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid material while it undergoes deformation.
  plastic deformation in solids is an irreversible change in the internal molecular structure of an object. This change may be due to either (or both) an applied force or a change in temperature. The change of an object's shape is called strain. The force causing it is called stress
  Elastic deformation in solids is reversible change in the internal molecular structure of an object. Stress does not necessarily cause permanent change. As deformation occurs, internal forces oppose the applied force. If the applied stress is not too large these opposing forces may completely resist the applied force, allowing the object to assume a new equilibrium state and to return to its original shape when the force is removed. This is known as elastic deformation or elasticity.
  Rolling resistance is the force that resists the rolling of a wheel or other circular object along a surface caused by deformations in the object and/or surface. Generally the force of rolling resistance is less than that associated with kinetic friction. Typical values for the coefficient of rolling resistance are 0.001.One of the most common examples of rolling resistance is the movement of motor vehicle tires on a road, a process which generates heat and sound as by-products.
  triboelectric effect:Rubbing dissimilar materials against one another can cause a build-up of electrostatic charge which can be hazardous if flammable gases or vapors are present. When the static build-up discharges, explosions can be caused by ignition of the flammable mixture.
  belt friction: Belt friction is a physical property observed from the forces acting on a belt wrapped around a pulley, when one end is being pulled. The resulting tension, which acts on both ends of the belt, can be modeled by the belt friction equation.
  In practice, the theoretical tension acting on the belt or rope calculated by the belt friction equation can be compared to the maximum tension the belt can support. This helps a designer of such a rig to know how many times the belt or rope must be wrapped around the pulley to prevent it from slipping. Mountain climbers and sailing crews demonstrate a standard knowledge of belt friction when accomplishing basic tasks.
  
  
  
   some other important topics related friction can be learned in the further posts of superscience.blogspot.com keep going with this blog......................
  
  

In this session we are going to deal on the special type of force called frictional force which is defined as the resistance tat one surface or  object that encounters while moving on the other .there are several types of friction they are 1.dry friction,2.fluid friction 3.lubricated friction.
4.skin friction and 5.internal friction.there are even some other types of frictions such as rolling friction,triboelectric friction, belt friction,there are some more types of frictions which are the sub divisions of the dry friction they are static friction,khinetic friction and all the other imp topics are going to discuss in next blog

In this session we are going to deal a special type of force called friction....friction is the special type of force which is defined as the resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over the other.
The causes of the restive force of friction are molecular adhesion, surface roughness, and the plowing effect. Adhesion is the molecular force resulting when two materials are brought into close contact with each other. Trying to slide objects against each other requires breaking these adhesive bonds.

In this session we are going to deal with the applications of the magnets and artificial magnets..
there are end number of applications now a days based on the magnets.with out these magnets there will be the lose of some millions of projects which are in process now a days...
some of the applications,uses and projects based on the magnets.....they are.
1.they are used in making the electric motors and generators which converts the electrical energy to mechanical energy vice versa..
2.they are used in the speakers which converts electrical energy to sound energy.
3.used in electrical bells.
4.They are used in the Maglev trains. In the Maglev trains, the super conducting magnets are used on the tracks on which the train floats. These types of the trains are working on the repulsion force of the magnets.
5.They are also used to sort out the magnetic and non magnetic substances from the scrap.
6.They are used in TV screens, computer screens, telephones and in tape recorders.
7.They are used by the candy or cold drink vendors to separate the metallic cap from the lots.
8.They are used in cranes.
9.They are used in the refrigerators to keep the door close.
10.The most important use of the magnet is the magnetic compass which is used to find the geographical directions.
The use of the magnets in the medical sciences is very affective. We can use magnet therapy for the pain management without any use of the medicines. The magnets can stimulate the nerves in the human body and increase the blood circulation, which carries oxygen to the tissues. The magnet are used to heal the pains and the wounds of the athletes. Doctors uses the magnets to cure arthritis, gout, spondilitis and other problems related to the nervous system. Magnetic mattress are used for relaxing the body. In MRI we use the magnets. Magnets are used to cure the depression, headaches and migraines.  
these are some general applications of the magnets in the daily life and some other simple workouts with which the magnets are widely using can be listened through the video clip 

These are the simple techniques used in the heavy projects like electric power generators,trains and application and so on there are end number of application of magnets and these are the magnetic applications such as magnetic levitation and some others projects whic are going to implement further.....some other important topics can be learned through this blog keep going further................